Numerical study of cough droplets dispersion in indoor and quiescent environment: influence of droplet size and air humidity

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DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18265/2447-9187a2025id8833

Palavras-chave:

computational fluid dynamics, droplet dispersion, Eulerian-Lagrangian model, indoor transmission, phase coupling, relative humidity, respiratory droplets

Resumo

The transmission of infectious respiratory diseases (IRDs) has been widely studied across various fields using different methods. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in late 2019 has increased the importance of such research. While many quantitative studies have examined how phase coupling, droplet size, and relative humidity affect respiratory droplet behavior, this study specifically looks at how these factors influence horizontal and vertical dispersion distances. It also evaluates the impact of phase coupling between the continuous and discrete phases. An Eulerian-Lagrangian approach was used to simulate droplet dispersion in a calm indoor environment under different humidity conditions. The results show that both droplet size and relative humidity significantly affect dispersion distances. Notably, smaller droplets (1 µm in diameter) evaporated almost instantly after release. Droplets measuring 10 µm traveled shorter horizontal and vertical distances under low humidity compared to higher humidity environments, where they evaporated quickly. Larger droplets (100 µm) formed more compact particle clouds and traveled shorter overall distances. Among the sizes tested, intermediate droplets (50 µm) created the most dispersed clouds, resulting in the greatest travel distances. At 80% relative humidity, these droplets reached a maximum horizontal distance of about 1.40 meters, the furthest noted in this study, highlighting a potential critical condition for airborne IRD transmission. Larger droplets tend to contribute more to surface contamination because they fall quickly, while the tiniest droplets pose less risk for airborne transmission due to their rapid evaporation. The effects of phase coupling on both horizontal and vertical dispersion were minimal. In conclusion, this study enhances understanding of environmental factors that influence IRD transmission in enclosed, still-air settings. Based on these findings, it is recommended that indoor environments maintain low relative humidity and adequate spacing between occupants to reduce the spread of droplets produced by coughing.

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AYUBA, N.; JUSTI, G. H.; LOPES, G. C. Numerical study of cough droplets dispersion in indoor and quiescent environment: influence of droplet size and air humidity. Revista Principia, [S. l.], v. 62, 2025. DOI: 10.18265/2447-9187a2025id8833. Disponível em: https://periodicos.ifpb.edu.br/index.php/principia/article/view/8833. Acesso em: 23 jul. 2025.

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v. 62 (2025)

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Engenharias II - Engenharia Química

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Copyright (c) 2025 Nuhu Ayuba, Gabriel Henrique Justi, Gabriela Cantarelli Lopes

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