Numerical study of cough droplets dispersion in indoor and quiescent environment: influence of droplet size and air humidity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18265/2447-9187a2025id8833Palavras-chave:
modelo Euleriano-Lagrangiano, dispersão de gotas respiratórias; , dinâmica de fluidos computacional;, acoplamento de fase;Resumo
A transmissão de doenças respiratórias infecciosas (DRIs) tem sido amplamente estudada em vários campos, usando diferentes métodos. O surgimento do SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) no final de 2019 aumentou a importância dessa pesquisa. Embora muitos estudos quantitativos tenham examinado como o acoplamento de fase, o tamanho da gota e a umidade relativa afetam o comportamento das gotas respiratórias, este estudo analisa especificamente como esses fatores influenciam as distâncias de dispersão horizontal e vertical. Ele também avalia o impacto do acoplamento de fase entre as fases contínua e discreta. Uma abordagem Euleriana-
Lagrangiana foi usada para simular a dispersão de gotas em um ambiente interno calmo sob diferentes condições de umidade. Os resultados mostram que tanto o tamanho da gota quanto a umidade relativa afetam significativamente as distâncias de dispersão. Notavelmente, gotas menores (1 μm de diâmetro) evaporaram quase instantaneamente após serem liberadas. Gotas medindo 10 μm percorreram distâncias horizontais e verticais mais curtas sob baixa umidade em comparação com ambientes de alta umidade, onde evaporaram rapidamente. Gotas maiores (100 μm) formaram nuvens de partículas mais compactas e percorreram distâncias totais mais curtas. Entre os tamanhos testados, gotículas intermediárias (50 μm) criaram as nuvens mais dispersas, resultando nas maiores distâncias de viagem. A 80% de umidade relativa, essas gotículas atingiram uma distância horizontal máxima de cerca de 1,40 metro, a
maior distância observada neste estudo, constituindo uma condição crítica potencial para a transmissão de DRIs pelo ar. Gotículas maiores tendem a contribuir mais para a contaminação de superfícies porque caem rapidamente, enquanto as gotículas menores representam menos risco de transmissão pelo ar devido à sua rápida evaporação. Os efeitos do acoplamento de fase na dispersão horizontal e vertical foram mínimos. Em conclusão, este estudo aumenta a compreensão dos fatores ambientais que influenciam a transmissão de DRIs em ambientes fechados e com ar parado. Com base nessas descobertas, recomenda-se que os ambientes internos mantenham baixa umidade relativa e espaçamento adequado entre os ocupantes para reduzir a propagação de gotículas produzidas pela tosse.
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